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1.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 28(3): 879-883, jul.-set. 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339963

RESUMO

Resumen El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Abstract The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Influenza Humana/história , Pandemias/história , COVID-19/história , Vacinas contra Influenza/história , Higiene/história , Negação em Psicologia , I Guerra Mundial , Economia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/história , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Militares/história
2.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 28(3): 879-883, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34346994

RESUMO

The rise of the covid-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in the 1918-1919 influenza in search of aspects that might help us understand the current situation, but also as an opportunity to re-evaluate the serious twentieth-century health crisis in light of what we are experiencing now. In this context and with that goal, this historical reflection shows the parallels that exist and the need for a realization that our model of society is undergoing a crisis and requires profound transformation.


El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Assuntos
COVID-19/história , Influenza Humana/história , Pandemias/história , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , Vacinas contra COVID-19/história , Negação em Psicologia , Economia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Higiene/história , Vacinas contra Influenza/história , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Militares/história , I Guerra Mundial
3.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 28(3): 879-883, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | HISA - História da Saúde | ID: his-44440

RESUMO

El desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 ha motivado un renovado interés por la gripe de 1918-1919 para buscar elementos que facilitaran la comprensión de la experiencia presente, pero también como oportunidad para reevaluar la grave crisis sanitaria del siglo XX a la luz de lo que estamos viviendo. En este contexto y con ese objetivo se inserta esta reflexión histórica sobre estos dos fenómenos pandémicos, que muestra los paralelismos existentes y la necesidad de una toma de conciencia de que nuestro modelo de sociedad está en crisis y se requiere una transformación profunda.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Influenza Humana , Pandemias , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI
4.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) ; 302(3): 381-393, 2019 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30412363

RESUMO

Throughout history the description and classification of the cranial nerves has been linked to the development and characteristics of anatomy and the role that it played as a tool in providing rationality to medicine, together with social, cultural, religious, and philosophical factors. Anatomists were interested in the cranial nerves, but they disagreed on their number and their paths. We can divide the history of the cranial nerves into three different periods: the first, early or macroscopic period; the second or microscopic period; and the third period or ontogenesis and genoarchitecture. The main aim of this article is to show how the description and knowledge of the cranial nerves were developed in the course of these three periods, and to highlight the main changes produced and the factors related to these changes. We describe how the first period was mainly focused on establishing the definition, number and paths of the cranial nerves, through contributions ranging from Galen's studies in the second century to Sömmerring's Doctoral Dissertation in 1778 that described 12 cranial nerves for the first time. Then, the microscopic period was concentrated on the identification of the real nuclei of origin of the different cranial nerves located in the brain stem. Finally came the third period, or ontogenesis and genoarchitecture of the rhombecephalic and mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei. Anat Rec, 302:381-393, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Assuntos
Nervos Cranianos/anatomia & histologia , Nervos Cranianos/fisiologia , Neuroanatomia/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos
5.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 922018 Oct 17.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30323166

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Brucellosis was one of the most important health problems in post-Civil War Spain and in subsequent years. The objective of the study was to reconstruct the first programs that the WHO set up in this country, to address this problem, between 1951 and 1972 and their main outcomes. METHODS: On the basis of primary sources of diverse origin, especially unpublished reports on Spain from foreign experts, from the WHO Historical Archive, the contents related to the disease were analyzed, contextualizing them within the framework of both the history of Spanish Public Health during the period studied and the international public health strategies for the prevention and control of brucellosis between 1951 and 1972. RESULTS: Spain 0001 (E1), Spain 0012 (E12) programs were located. The first of them (E1), dedicated to the problem of endemoepidemic diseases (brucellosis, rabies and Q fever), developed between 1952 and 1956, offered assistance in the work of control of these diseases carried out by public health laboratories. The second was preceded by visits of experts between 1956-1958 and formally started in 1969 and ended in 1972. This program was specifically devoted to the fight against brucellosis and included the start-up of laboratory and epidemiological work, the training of specialists, vaccination experiences in goats and sheep and the initiation of studies on immunizations in humans. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of consultants and experts from the WHO, from the highest scientific authority in the field of brucellosis such as Sandford Elberg or Martin Kaplan, was decisive in, at least, two aspects: first, to have an external view that would allow to know the reality of the Spanish health situation in the matter of the control of this zoonosis and, secondly, to start up and develop laboratory techniques and training of specialists with the aim of creating, at least, a center of reference for the preparation of vaccines, which the experts placed, ideally, in the National School of Health in Madrid.


OBJETIVO: La brucelosis fue uno de los más importantes problemas de salud en la España de la postguerra civil y en los años posteriores. El objetivo del estudio fue reconstruir los primeros programas que la OMS puso en marcha en este país, para abordar dicho problema, entre 1951 y 1972 y sus consecuencias. METODOS: Sobre la base de fuentes primarias de diversa procedencia, en especial, informes inéditos sobre España de expertos extranjeros, procedentes del Archivo Histórico de la OMS, se analizaron los contenidos relativos a la enfermedad, contextualizándolos tanto en el marco de la historia de la salud pública española del periodo objeto de estudio como en el de las estrategias a nivel internacional desarrolladas en este campo. RESULTADOS: Se localizaron los programas España 0001 (E1) y España 0012 (E12). El primero de ellos (E1), dedicado al problema de las enfermedades endemo-epidémicas (brucelosis, rabia y fiebre Q), desarrollado entre 1952 y 1956, ofreció asistencia en las labores de control de estas enfermedades llevadas a cabo por los laboratorios de salud pública. El segundo, precedido de visitas de expertos, entre 1956-1958, se inició formalmente en 1969 y finalizó en 1972, se consagró específicamente a la lucha contra la brucelosis e incluyó la puesta en marcha de trabajos de laboratorio y epidemiológicos, formación de especialistas, experiencias vacunales en ganado caprino y ovino e inicios de estudios sobre inmunizaciones en humanos. CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de consultores y expertos de la OMS de la máxima autoridad científica en el campo de la brucelosis, como Sandford Elberg o Martin Kaplan, fue decisiva en dos aspectos al menos, en primer lugar, para poder disponer de una mirada externa que permitiera conocer la realidad de la situación sanitaria española en el tema del control de dicha zoonosis y, en segundo lugar, para la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de técnicas de laboratorio y de formación de especialistas con el objetivo de crear, al menos, un centro de referencia para la confección de vacunas, que los expertos situaban, de forma idónea, en la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad en Madrid.


Assuntos
Brucelose/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/história , Zoonoses/história , Animais , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Brucelose/prevenção & controle , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Cabras , História do Século XX , Humanos , Ovinos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Vacinação , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle
6.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 92: 0-0, 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-177573

RESUMO

Fundamentos: La brucelosis fue uno de los más importantes problemas de salud en la España de la postguerra civil y en los años posteriores. El objetivo del estudio fue reconstruir los primeros programas que la OMS puso en marcha en este país, para abordar dicho problema, entre 1951 y 1972 y sus consecuencias. Métodos: Sobre la base de fuentes primarias de diversa procedencia, en especial, informes inéditos sobre España de expertos extranjeros, procedentes del Archivo Histórico de la OMS, se analizaron los contenidos relativos a la enfermedad, contextualizándolos tanto en el marco de la historia de la salud pública española del periodo objeto de estudio como en el de las estrategias a nivel internacional desarrolladas en este campo. Resultados: Se localizaron los programas España 0001 (E1) y España 0012 (E12). El primero de ellos (E1), dedicado al problema de las enfermedades endemo-epidémicas (brucelosis, rabia y fiebre Q), desarrollado entre 1952 y 1956, ofreció asistencia en las labores de control de estas enfermedades llevadas a cabo por los laboratorios de salud pública. El segundo, precedido de visitas de expertos, entre 1956-1958, se inició formalmente en 1969 y finalizó en 1972, se consagró específicamente a la lucha contra la brucelosis e incluyó la puesta en marcha de trabajos de laboratorio y epidemiológicos, formación de especialistas, experiencias vacunales en ganado caprino y ovino e inicios de estudios sobre inmunizaciones en humanos. Conclusiones: La presencia de consultores y expertos de la OMS de la máxima autoridad científica en el campo de la brucelosis, como Sandford Elberg o Martin Kaplan, fue decisiva en dos aspectos al menos, en primer lugar, para poder disponer de una mirada externa que permitiera conocer la realidad de la situación sanitaria española en el tema del control de dicha zoonosis y, en segundo lugar, para la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de técnicas de laboratorio y de formación de especialistas con el objetivo de crear, al menos, un centro de referencia para la confección de vacunas, que los expertos situaban, de forma idónea, en la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad en Madrid


Background: Brucellosis was one of the most important health problems in post-Civil War Spain and in subsequent years. The objective of the study was to reconstruct the first programs that the WHO set up in this country, to address this problem, between 1951 and 1972 and their main outcomes. Methods: On the basis of primary sources of diverse origin, especially unpublished reports on Spain from foreign experts, from the WHO Historical Archive, the contents related to the disease were analyzed, contextualizing them within the framework of both the history of Spanish Public Health during the period studied and the international public health strategies for the prevention and control of brucellosis between 1951 and 1972. Results: Spain 0001 (E1), Spain 0012 (E12) programs were located. The first of them (E1), dedicated to the problem of endemoepidemic diseases (brucellosis, rabies and Q fever), developed between 1952 and 1956, offered assistance in the work of control of these diseases carried out by public health laboratories. The second was preceded by visits of experts between 1956-1958 and formally started in 1969 and ended in 1972. This program was specifically devoted to the fight against brucellosis and included the start-up of laboratory and epidemiological work, the training of specialists, vaccination experiences in goats and sheep and the initiation of studies on immunizations in humans. Conclusions: The presence of consultants and experts from the WHO, from the highest scientific authority in the field of brucellosis such as Sandford Elberg or Martin Kaplan, was decisive in, at least, two aspects: first, to have an external view that would allow to know the reality of the Spanish health situation in the matter of the control of this zoonosis and, secondly, to start up and develop laboratory techniques and training of specialists with the aim of creating, at least, a center of reference for the preparation of vaccines, which the experts placed, ideally, in the National School of Health in Madrid


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Epidemias/história , Brucella/patogenicidade , Brucelose/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde
8.
Asclepio ; 60(2): 261-288, jul.-dic. 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-132247

RESUMO

En el marco de la renovada actualidad alcanzada por la pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919 en los últimos años y del protagonismo logrado por los estudios que analizan el proceso de innovación en Medicina, el presente trabajo analiza el papel representado por sueros y vacunas —los nuevos recursos de la ciencia médica del momento— en la lucha contra la gripe de 1918-1919. El estudio pone de relieve su dependencia de los factores científicos, sociales, económicos y profesionales que concurrieron, y muestra también las principales consecuencias derivadas de la puesta a punto y uso de los citados recursos terapéuticos y profilácticos (AU)


Against the background of the renewed interest aroused in recent years by the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, and the leading role now played by research analysing the process of innovation in medicine, this paper assesses the role played by serums and vaccines —the new resources of the medical science of the time— in the fight against the influenza outbreak of 1918-1919. The paper highlights the dependence on combined scientific, social, economic and professional factors, and also shows the main consequences arising from the fine-tuning and implementation of these therapeutic and prophylactic resources (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Surtos de Doenças/economia , Surtos de Doenças/história , Vacinas contra Influenza/economia , Vacinas contra Influenza/história , Influenza Humana/economia , Influenza Humana/etnologia , Influenza Humana/história , Influenza Humana/psicologia , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Prática de Saúde Pública/economia , Prática de Saúde Pública/história , Soro/fisiologia , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Espanha/etnologia , Vacinas/economia , Vacinas/história
9.
Dynamis ; 26: 195-219, table of contents, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17214139

RESUMO

This paper aims to analyse the role played by Medicine, against a background of social reform in the first third of the 20th Century, in helping to shape the nature of disabilities in Spain. We look at the legislation passed to regulate occupational accidents and the institutions set up to look after accident victims with physical or functional disabilities from the perspective developed in the new academic field of disability studies and using scientific and professional journals as well as documentation from Spain's legislative chambers as our main sources. We attempt to examine the extent to which these developments helped to transform the existing social perception of people with disabilities.


Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência/história , Saúde Ocupacional/história , Acidentes de Trabalho/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoas com Deficiência/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Saúde Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Percepção Social , Espanha , Trabalho/história , Trabalho/legislação & jurisprudência
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